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Awards & Honors:Nobel Prize...(Show more)Date:October 24, 1945 - present...(Show more)Headquarters:New York City...(Show more)Areas Of Involvement:human rightseconomic developmentinternational relationsequalitytrust territory...(Show more)Related People:Nadia MuradFranklin D. RooseveltGeorge H.W. BushFridtjof NansenEleanor Roosevelt...(Show more)
United Nations (UN), international organization established on October 24, 1945. The United Nations (UN) was the second multipurpose international organization established in the 20th century that was worldwide in scope and membership. Its predecessor, the League of Nations, was created by the Treaty of Versailles in 1919 & disbanded in 1946. Headquartered in new york City, the UN also has regional offices in Geneva, Vienna, và Nairobi. Its official languages are Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian, & Spanish. For a danh mục of UN member countries and secretaries-general, see below.
According lớn its Charter, the UN aims:
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to save succeeding generations from the scourge of war,…to reaffirm faith in fundamental human rights,…to establish conditions under which justice and respect for the obligations arising from treaties & other sources of international law can be maintained, và to promote social progress and better standards of life in larger freedom.
In addition khổng lồ maintaining peace & security, other important objectives include developing friendly relations among countries based on respect for the principles of equal rights & self-determination of peoples; achieving worldwide cooperation to lớn solve international economic, social, cultural, and humanitarian problems; respecting và promoting human rights; & serving as a centre where countries can coordinate their actions và activities toward these various ends.
The UN formed a continuum with the League of Nations in general purpose, structure, & functions; many of the UN’s principal organs và related agencies were adopted from similar structures established earlier in the century. In some respects, however, the UN constituted a very different organization, especially with regard khổng lồ its objective of maintaining international peace & security and its commitment lớn economic và social development.
Changes in the nature of international relations resulted in modifications in the responsibilities of the UN and its decision-making apparatus. Cold War tensions between the United States and the Soviet Union deeply affected the UN’s security functions during its first 45 years. Extensive post-World War II decolonization in Africa, Asia, and the Middle East increased the volume & nature of political, economic, & social issues that confronted the organization. The Cold War’s kết thúc in 1991 brought renewed attention and appeals lớn the UN. Amid an increasingly volatile geopolitical climate, there were new challenges khổng lồ established practices và functions, especially in the areas of conflict resolution and humanitarian assistance. At the beginning of the 21st century, the UN & its programs và affiliated agencies struggled to address humanitarian crises và civil wars, unprecedented refugee flows, the devastation caused by the spread of AIDS, global financial disruptions, international terrorism, and the disparities in wealth between the world’s richest & poorest peoples.
History and development
Despite the problems encountered by the League of Nations in arbitrating conflict and ensuring international peace and security prior to lớn World War II, the major Allied powers agreed during the war to lớn establish a new global organization lớn help manage international affairs. This agreement was first articulated when U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt and British Prime Minister Winston Churchill signed the Atlantic Charter in August 1941. The name United Nations was originally used khổng lồ denote the countries allied against Germany, Italy, and Japan. On January 1, 1942, 26 countries signed the Declaration by United Nations, which set forth the war aims of the Allied powers.
The United States, the United Kingdom, and the Soviet Union took the lead in designing the new organization and determining its decision-making structure và functions. Initially, the “Big Three” states và their respective leaders (Roosevelt, Churchill, & Soviet premier Joseph Stalin) were hindered by disagreements on issues that foreshadowed the Cold War. The Soviet Union demanded individual membership & voting rights for its constituent republics, & Britain wanted assurances that its colonies would not be placed under UN control. There also was disagreement over the voting system khổng lồ be adopted in the Security Council, an issue that became famous as the “veto problem.”
The first major step toward the formation of the United Nations was taken August 21–October 7, 1944, at the Dumbarton Oaks Conference, a meeting of the diplomatic experts of the Big Three powers plus china (a group often designated the “Big Four”) held at Dumbarton Oaks, an estate in Washington, D.C. Although the four countries agreed on the general purpose, structure, & function of a new world organization, the conference ended amid continuing disagreement over membership và voting. At the Yalta Conference, a meeting of the Big Three in a Crimean resort thành phố in February 1945, Roosevelt, Churchill, & Stalin laid the basis for charter provisions delimiting the authority of the Security Council. Moreover, they reached a tentative accord on the number of Soviet republics khổng lồ be granted independent memberships in the UN. Finally, the three leaders agreed that the new organization would include a trusteeship system to lớn succeed the League of Nations mandate system.
The Dumbarton Oaks proposals, with modifications from the Yalta Conference, formed the basis of negotiations at the United Nations Conference on International Organization (UNCIO), which convened in San Francisco on April 25, 1945, & produced the final Charter of the United Nations. The San Francisco conference was attended by representatives of 50 countries from all geographic areas of the world: 9 from Europe, 21 from the Americas, 7 from the Middle East, 2 from East Asia, and 3 from Africa, as well as 1 each from the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic và the Belorussian Soviet Socialist Republic (in addition to lớn the Soviet Union itself) và 5 from British Commonwealth countries. Poland, which was not present at the conference, was permitted khổng lồ become an original member of the UN. Security Council veto power (among the permanent members) was affirmed, though any thành viên of the General Assembly was able lớn raise issues for discussion. Other political issues resolved by compromise were the role of the organization in the promotion of economic & social welfare; the status of colonial areas & the distribution of trusteeships; the status of regional & defense arrangements; và Great nguồn dominance versus the equality of states. The UN Charter was unanimously adopted và signed on June 26 and promulgated on October 24, 1945.
